In August, 1896 record heat over a ten day period struck the Eastern United States. In New York city, the heat killed hundreds of people, and dramatically shifted the careers of two of the most important political figures of the era.
The Reconquista, or Christian reconquest of Iberia, took nearly 800 years. The fighting did not come without great attempts by Muslim powers across the strait trying to reestablish their presence in mainland Europe. The last gasp of that effort came in the 1330s, when the powerful Marinid sultanate of what is modern Morocco invaded in an attempt to reverse Christian gains and secure the perilous position of the Sultanate of Granada.