In 1945 the United States initiated Project paperclip, a secret program in which more than 1,600 Nazi German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from Nazi Germany into the employment of the United States government. And, of course, the Soviets were not going to be left behind. But their project, Osoaviakhim, was very different from paperclip.
The first class of nuclear submarines were a learning experience for the Soviet Navy. The November class boats experienced numerous difficulties and accidents, culminating in what has been described as a potential “Underwater Chernobyl."